Resolving Control Cost Conflict Within The St. Clair Hospital

Resolving Control Cost Conflict within The St. Clair Hospital Airlia Griffin MHA 601: Principles of Health Care Administration Dr. Prince Ordu June 16, 2015 Introduction Conflict is a natural part of any work environment. What considers it healthy conflict is how the individuals involved respond? Handling and resolving conflicts that arise in the workplace is one of the biggest challenges managers and employees face. â€Å"The consequences of health care workers’ conflict are many.† Patton goes on stating, â€Å"At best, conflicts result in beneficial changes in the workplace; at worst, it can impact patients’ lives.† (Patton, 2013) By learning to constructively resolve conflict, we can turn a potentially destructive situation into an opportunity for creativity and enhancement for performance. Janice Frates stated, â€Å"†¦,having work teams at all organizational levels openly and vigorously debate their ideas is a form of healthy conflict that produces both stronger team relationships and better work outcomes.† In regards to the St. Clair Hospital plan for cost control, a healthy conflict did not arise. Types of Conflict Identified Types of conflict identified throughout this particular case study would include intrapersonal conflict and inter-organizational conflict. Frates explained that intrapersonal conflict is when the interdependence of departments within an organization can lead to conflict which is often grounded in differing professional training and different measuresShow MoreRelatedWho Gets Power and How They Hold on to It10070 Words   |  41 Pageslegitimization, centralized control, regulations, and the more modem management information systems—tend to buffer the organization from reality and obscure the demands of its environment. Most great states and institutions declined, not because they played politics, but because they failed to accommodate to the polidcal realities they faced. Political processes, rather than being mechanisms for unfair and unjust allocations and appointments, tend toward the realistic resolution of conflicts among interestsRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesSoftware Services Printer/Binder: Edwards Brothers Cover Printer: Coral Graphics Text Font: 10/12 Weidemann-Book Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protectedRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesPrinter/Binder: Courier/Kendallville Cover Printer: Courier/Kendalville Text Font: 10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtainedRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages. . . 168 Delegation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Centralization and Decentralization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Unity of Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Span of Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Line and Staff Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Coordinating Mechanisms Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words    |  1056 Pages134 Factors That Affect Recruiting Efforts 134 DID YOU KNOW?: Something for Everyone 135 Constraints on Recruiting Efforts 135 Organizational Image 135 Job Attractiveness 136 Internal Organizational Policies 136 Government Influence 136 Recruiting Costs 136 Chapter 7 Foundations of Selection 154 Learning Outcomes 154 Introduction 156 The Selection Process 156 Initial Screening 156 Completing the Application Form 157 DIVERSITY ISSUES IN HRM: Interview Questions 158 Key Issues 159 Weighted Application

The Bill Of Rights The Amendment Rights - 2558 Words

In 1791, the Bill of Rights was created to specify the individual rights of every human being. Madison James is the creator of the 10 Amendments, he believed it was necessary to create the document to further explain what the Constitution will provide for each person. The Bill of Rights gives every citizen the right to freedom of religion, freedom of speech, as well as the freedom of the press, and lastly the due process rights. This document was formed when the Constitution in 1789 was drafted. Federalist viewed the Bill of Rights as an unnecessary document that the Anti-federalist wanted in order to feel safe in knowing what the Constitution was really about and what was entitled to them. The 9th Amendment assures you cannot be denied certain rights, even if you re not told your rights you still have them. The 9th amendment stated the following, â€Å" the enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be constructed to deny or disparage others retained by the pe ople.† This amendment grants you the rights that were not specified in the first 8 Amendments. For example, you have the right to have an abortion and you won t get in trouble because it s not illegal. This amendment was created to limit the power of the government over every individual. This is important for everyone so they aren t taken advantage. In 1965, â€Å"Griswold v. Connecticut,† a supreme court case about the use of birth control. Planned Parenthood League of Connecticut, was givenShow MoreRelatedThe Bill Of Rights : The Amendment Rights2558 Words   |  11 PagesIn 1791, the Bill of Rights was created to specify the individual rights of every human being. 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Many of the states and there representatives, had concerns about the wording of the current The Bill Of Rights The Amendment Rights - 2558 Words In 1791, the Bill of Rights was created to specify the individual rights of every human being. Madison James is the creator of the 10 Amendments, he believed it was necessary to create the document to further explain what the Constitution will provide for each person. The Bill of Rights gives every citizen the right to freedom of religion, freedom of speech, as well as the freedom of the press, and lastly the due process rights. This document was formed when the Constitution in 1789 was drafted. Federalist viewed the Bill of Rights as an unnecessary document that the Anti-federalist wanted in order to feel safe in knowing what the Constitution was really about and what was entitled to them. The 9th Amendment assures you cannot be denied certain rights, even if you re not told your rights you still have them. The 9th amendment stated the following, â€Å" the enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be constructed to deny or disparage others retained by the pe ople.† This amendment grants you the rights that were not specified in the first 8 Amendments. For example, you have the right to have an abortion and you won t get in trouble because it s not illegal. This amendment was created to limit the power of the government over every individual. This is important for everyone so they aren t taken advantage. In 1965, â€Å"Griswold v. Connecticut,† a supreme court case about the use of birth control. Planned Parenthood League of Connecticut, was givenShow MoreRelatedThe Bill Of Rights : The Amendment Rights2558 Words   |  11 PagesIn 1791, the Bill of Rights was created to specify the individual rights of every human being. 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Modern science and materialism Essay Example For Students

Modern science and materialism Essay What is real? This question has puzzled many what is really real or what is reality. Reality as I shall explain is one that is according to materialism and proven by science. Materialism is defined, as the metaphysical view holding that matter alone is real. This is what Hugh Elliot proves in his argument Modern Science and Materialism. By use of his argument I will answer the questions of what is real, what humans need to know, if it is possible to know what is real and how, how to distinguish real for non-real, where humans fit in, and how we can benefit from materialism. First, what is real? Reality is only one thing, and it is all principles of matter and energy. When you reach out and touch something it is matter, when you look to the skies all around you sense this reality of matter and energy from the light in the sky to the ground beneath us. Elliot says that the universe consists of matter and energy in a state of permanent change.(Pg. 307 Modern Science and Materialism, Hugh Elliot) What Elliot is saying is matter is all objects being discerned, energy consisting of motion, heat, light, sound, electricity, and etc., and permanent change is real. This permanent change means that everything when you take a look around our universe it never stands still relative to the rest of the universe, and even science has proven this with the second law of thermodynamics it states that all systems will change spontaneously to less ordered. Now this is a scary thought that we wouldnt be able to grasp reality if it always changes on its own. This raises a serious question, how can we understand or live according to reality if it always is changing? Well, there is no need to worry about this fact of change, because we can understand how it works we our not helpless against nature. The universe will change according to Elliot and science, but the universe is not a chaotic place. It has procedures or fixed sequences that is follows it gives us humans knowledge about events so certain that we can predict the future. Elliot also states this he says that the universe it follows certain fixed sequences-usually called laws-which are so definite that even in the present state of knowledge many future events can be prophesied with certainty.(Pg. 308 Modern Science and Materialism, Hugh Elliot) Yes, now we have something to follow according to reality it is these, as Elliot states, laws. But unlike the laws of the government that are sometimes hard to follow these laws of the universe our fixed sequences that cant be broken, and wh at a relief. I have already mentioned one of these laws, but there is still others that govern us for our good. One is the law of gravity that states that large masses will exert a pull on other masses, and this is a law for the good of mankind. For if large masses didnt attract we would lose our atmosphere to space and so too we would be blown out into space. Yet, we have these laws that govern reality, but is it possible for us to gain the knowledge of all reality? Well, for us as humans to have knowledge we must have the facts, the ultimate facts of reality. When a mind has a small amount of real facts the reality that he constructs is less real. The more facts that we can accumulate the closer we get to true reality or what is really real. Hugh Elliot knew this he states before we can discern the deeper relationships of existence and the universe, we must know about these ultimate facts.(Pg. 308 Modern Science and Materialism, Hugh Elliot) This is how is we know reality we must construct it out of facts, and as Elliot stated we must know about these ultimate facts. This is what makes Elliots argument so easy to believe because he knew where to go to get these facts he gained knowledge before he gave his argument. To make this easy how many times have you thought that for sure you knew something and then as your education grows you see the world in a new light? Therefore it is possible to know what is real, but how?We already know that to have knowledge we need fact, but where and how do we get the facts that are consistent with reality? Hugh Elliot understood exactly where knowledge comes from he states all human knowledge is derived by observation and experiment.(Pg. 308 Modern Science and Materialism, Hugh Elliot) This is the source of facts, this is truth, and this is the ground on to which knowledge is built. By following this procedure many things have been learned and proven. Sir Isaac Newton tested his observations of falling matter by using experim ents to find out the facts on the laws of gravity. And because of the knowledge that became available it has changed our world for the better. We were able to use the fundamentals of this law to make and use machines. Our world went from an agricultural society to one of a booming industrial, space travel became possible, and countless lives have been saved. Although one law helped to change our understanding of the world there is much more that others have gathered. All knowledge that is based of the fore mentioned procedures have been gathered together into the various fields of science. This is where we can go to look for our answers to questions on reality. This is where Elliot argues we must go he says the first thing to be done in any search after philosophic principles is to travel over special sciences with a view to extracting from them such information relevant to our purpose.(Pg. 308 Modern Science and Materialism, Hugh Elliot) this is where we get the knowledge it is her e that others like us who want the truth have been going and they are also the ones increasing our knowledge through science. Macbeth Essay SummaryThus, when we know think of reality we can now say we understand it. It is purposeless, always changing according to laws, and it is all matter and energy. We have come to terms that it means that the only things that are real are those that go according to those things. There are no gods, or spirits, or any nonphysical entities like mind. We also know now that our place in reality is insignificant, but that it doesnt mean that we need have no happiness because of this. We can now enjoy life in total freedom always learning and growing in this knowledge. May you take to heart what has been given you so you can enjoy your life along with those like you who today are happier because of what they now know. Bibliography:

What is foreign Direct Investment Why firms favor FDI rather than exporting licensing or Franchising Essay Example

What is foreign Direct Investment? Why firms favor FDI rather than exporting licensing or Franchising Essay In their book ‘Foreign Direct Investment and Regional Economy’, Jonathan Jones and Wren Colin argue that foreign direct investment (FDI) is the process where firms or individuals provides capital to an already existing firm or to a newly created firm in another country. Jones J and Wren C (2006, 7). A multinational enterprise (MNE) is the name given to firms who have establishments in more than one country.   The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OCED) defined FDI as ‘investment that adds to, deducts from or acquires a lasting interest in an enterprise operating in an economy’. Jones J and Wren C (2006, 8). The foreign investor has a considerable influence in the management. In the wake of globalization the role of FDI’s cannot be underscored in propelling economic growth across the globe.   It is estimated that the global inflows from private FDI’s rose from $159 billion in 1991 to a tune of $1.1 trillion in a decadeâ €™s time. The success of any MNE’s will be affected by the approach that the firm uses entering a market.   MNE’s must consequently be very keen before making the final decision of which entry method to apply. This paper will focus on elaborating what FDI is as well as highlighting why it is preferred to licensing, exporting or franchising. History has it that initially MNE’s were treated with much suspicion on the basis that probably they were only out to exploit the 3rd world nations but with time countries become most receptive probably due to the benefits accrued. Bora B (2002, 1). The success of any firm or MNE in FDI largely depends on various factors like the degree of competition in the host country. Competition is of much essence as it determines the rate at which the firms are to manipulate their productivity levels, introduce other new production possibilities and consequently create positive spill over effects or externalities on the host countries. Whether the overall effects of FDI are positive or negative remains a highly debatable issue that also depends on whose point of view is being considered.   FDI’s have a significant effect on the balance of trade.   It is mostly associated with the transfer or export of jobs and some countries may cite ‘brain drain’ as a problem cre ated by FDI.   The host country on the other hand might argue that the MNE in question is not to its advantage when it imports labor. FDI’s could be blamed for killing domestic industries especially in cases where MNE’s are able to produce at a lower cost of production and hence produce cheaper and quality products at a lower price than is being offered by the domestic industries. Bora B (2002, 1). However, cases where FDI produces products that are not produced by the host country, then this is to the host country’s advantage. We will write a custom essay sample on What is foreign Direct Investment? Why firms favor FDI rather than exporting licensing or Franchising specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What is foreign Direct Investment? Why firms favor FDI rather than exporting licensing or Franchising specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What is foreign Direct Investment? Why firms favor FDI rather than exporting licensing or Franchising specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer FDI is a very important source of capital as well as the technological know-how or knowledge in various productions.   Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are vital in influencing or rather determining if a firm is to invest in another country through FDI. Countries with weak protection discourage MNE’s from investing.   Bora B (2002, 197). IPR’s are a significant component of the regulatory system in any nation the same way taxes, regulations related to investment, trade policies as well as competition rules are.   IPR’s are very essential especially for firms that deal with ‘knowledge based assets’.   Countries with weal IPR’s would discourage foreign investors as there are high chances of imitation to counter the MNE’s goods.   Strong IPRS could be in the form of patents, copyrights, trade brands or even trademarks.   Imitation has a negative effect on the MNE’s as it reduces the market size. Strong IPR’s gi ves MNE’s a ‘monopoly’ advantage in the market which they can use to increase their profitability levels. Other factors that make foreign firms consider FDI includes the transportation costs incurred.   If a foreign firm estimates that the transportation cost would be too high when it exports her products, the FDI could be the better choice.   High trade costs also encourage firms or MNE’s to enter foreign countries through FDI.   A country where there is a relatively high productivity relative to the labor costs would also be more attractive for firms considering FDI.   Low fixed costs of establishing plants are also an incentive to FDI.   The major objective for the establishment of any firm is to make profits.   Profit which is the difference between the total revenues and total costs will be reduced if costs are high.   Firms with consequently try to opt for the options that minimize costs to increase their profits.   Low cost of establishments will therefore translate to increased profitability levels. Bora B (2002, 198). The role of IPRS in influencing FDI decisions is however dependent on the kind of business in question.   For the firms specializing in hard-to-imitate products the role of IPR’s is lower than for those whose products can be easily imitated.   Easy to imitate firms could be those dealing with pharmaceuticals and software. Access to foreign markets could also be influenced by investment regulations where inefficient ones will discourage FDI while efficient ones will attract FDI.   Limited rights of establishment will also hinder the market accessibility for MNE’s considering FDI.   Trade controls in a nation affect the flow of money in the economy.   If there’s limited flow of money in circulation then the demand for productions will be negatively affected.   Accessibility to credit has a positive effect on the demand thus triggering increased production. Strict controls on the production as well as on marketing can also influence FDI’s in a country.   Countries that control the amount of output or the raw materials to use may affect MNE’s decision of whether to enter a market through FDI.   Arbitrary taxes are a disincentive to FDI and so are licensing restrictions. Bora B (2002, 202) When foreign companies use the ‘export’ approach to attain market access in a certain country, it means that they will have to establish an importer in the foreign country as well as agents. It could also establish a sales subsidiary in having its goods or services in the market.   Licensing on the other hand entails the selection of whether one is to contract a foreign firm to produce for it its products and also carry out the marketing or a firm could also opt for franchising. Wertz B and Wensley R (2002, 458). The need to increase or rather widen their profit levels, seek growth opportunities as well as diversifying risks is what triggers MNE’s to invest in foreign markets.   Comparative advantage plays an important role in influencing if firms are to engage in business. Before firms can make concrete decisions about foreign investment they must carry out effective market research regarding the country in question. The quality of infrastructure in the host country also affects the decision of how to gain the market entry.   Other important questions a firm should try to answer include whether there are available raw materials as well as energy which would affect the costs of production. Mc Donald et al (2002, 244). The major forms of FDI are joint ventures and wholly owned subsidiaries.   Joint ventures entails the partnership of 2 or more independent firms form a partnership and share resources in the operation of FDI.   They could be contractual or equity joint ventures. Using the licensing approach in gaining access to a market involves or rather is characterized by some advantages. It has reduced risks regarding the loss of proprietary knowledge.   It allows the firms to have strategic flexibility as it is associated with minimal controls and above all it applies lower amounts of resources as compared to FDI McDonald et al (2002, 229). Environmental factors also have a role to play in influencing firm’s decision regarding which approach to use gaining access in the market. Such factors include the risks in that country, competitive conditions and familiarity with the location.   In countries with high risks MNE’s may consider licensing to FDI and the reverse is true.   Other factors that may favor licensing include high cultural difference between the host and the home or source country and a declining market demand.   In cases where competition is subject to rapid technological as well as regulatory changes, firms may also consider licensing to other approaches of accessing or entering markets.   Firms dealing with research and development (RD) intensive ventures will not opt for licensing.   Those in areas where there’s homogenous competition conditions as well as demand would least opt for licensing. Licensing would also not be considered in the face of rapid technological change, in countries with deregulation as well as those with political and cultural barriers.   Licensing would only be considered when the level of technological process if not complex, where there are harsh environmental conditions and hence it would not be profitable for the firms.   It can also be applied in cases of unstable demand. International franchising refers to a situation where a parent company offers or rather grants other companies the right of use to its products, services, trade marks or brand names but in a prescribed manner.   In return the mother or parent company gains profits which could be in a lump sum and continued or ongoing fees.   Independent firms could be given the mandate to control the franchise or the franchisor could take an equity share where they could have its own managers head some of the outlets.   The franchisor could offer knowledge about the business in question, offer marketing support and local exclusivity.   They could also offer the firms manuals on how to operate, and continued training.   The franchisee must however comply with the franchisor’s set standards and regulations so as not to tarnish its name through poor quality production. The ongoing fees are usually a certain percentage of the total sales made by the franchisee.   There are 2 types of franchising.   First generation franchising includes those between manufacturers and retailers as well as between wholesalers and retailers.   Franchising could be by a trade name or trade mark which is also referred to as second generation franchising or business franchising.   Franchising is applicable to both small as well as large firms and favored in cases where the cost of monitoring the managers as well as other employees is high overseas.   The major difference between licensing and franchising is that the former receives a ‘proportion’ of the business while the latter attains all there is necessary for the successful running of the business.   Licensing ensures limited control over the process of running a business unlike franchising.   Selection is also different for licensing and franchising where licensing are self-selective as fra nchisee are selected the parent company or firm.   Licensing is done on already well established firms contrast to franchising which could be on start-up firms (McDonald et al (2002, 233).   Parent companies have zero equity in licensing unlike in franchising. Whether a firm is to use exporting as a way of entering a market largely depends on the prevailing trade environment, costs of transportation, risks related foreign exchange as well as threats of non-payment. (McDonald et al (2002, 234). The use of licensing as a market entry strategy is criticized on the grounds that the parent company or firms could be creating its own competitor. However it reduces the political based risks as it is 100% owned by the locals.   It’s therefore a best solution or approach for new firms in the market.   Licensing earns the firms a minimal income compared to FDI entry. The role of the local government in influencing the kind of entry a foreign company takes is very significant. Countries could treat different entries differently thus encouraging some while discouraging others. Firms may opt for FDI in stable and well established economies as then their costs of operation are likely to be relatively low compared to unstable economies.   It is also easier to predict demand in such economies and they can easily make long term decisions unlike in cases of unstable economies.   MNE’s with the objective of pursuing a global strategy would favor FDI where they have full control over the running of their firms. The prevailing conditions of a host infrastructure also affect the entry mode.   This is because it has a significant influence on the costs incurred thus influencing the MNE’s profitability levels. Factors determining the mode of entry could be social, economical, political or industry specific factors. In their book, ‘International trade’ Luis and Oliva noted that there are two forms of FDI that is the vertical as well as the horizontal FDI.   Horizontal FDI is when companies manufacture similar products or services in varying countries while vertical FDI is when firms carry out different stages of production process in various or different countries. Rivera-Batiz L and Oliva M. (2003, 165). FDI is favored over exportation when there are location advantages that significantly lower the trade costs to the target market. Some countries attract FDI through the application of tax breeds.   MNE’s will therefore be influenced by such incentives before deciding the entry mode to adopt. Firms will prefer FDI to licensing where ‘arms’ length relationship are very complex or when the agency costs involved are too high.   Firms will tend to shy away from licensing when there are unclear or complex contracts that are not specified.   If the costs incurred for enforcing the licensing contracts are very high to an extent that is unprofitable for the MNE’s then, FDI is preferred Rivera-Batiz L and Oliva M. (2003, 178). When there are high chances of the host country accessing the technology and knowledge to produce similar products, then the use of licensing must be reconsidered.   High competitiveness in the local market can see the competitors offer cheaper but low quality goods to raise the demand. Strong IPR’s can favor FDI to exportation.   FDI is beneficial to the host country in the sense that it brings about superior technology that ensures cheaper production of quality goods and services.   However the benefits will depend on whether the technology has some positive externalities to the host country or not.   Since FDI create competition the positive effects of competition like lowered prices and quality production are ensured.   FDI is also associated with positive effects on a country’s investment and exports as well as reducing the foreign exchange gap. What is foreign Direct Investment Why firms favor FDI rather than exporting licensing or Franchising Essay Example What is foreign Direct Investment? Why firms favor FDI rather than exporting licensing or Franchising Paper In their book ‘Foreign Direct Investment and Regional Economy’, Jonathan Jones and Wren Colin argue that foreign direct investment (FDI) is the process where firms or individuals provides capital to an already existing firm or to a newly created firm in another country. Jones J and Wren C (2006, 7). A multinational enterprise (MNE) is the name given to firms who have establishments in more than one country. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OCED) defined FDI as ‘investment that adds to, deducts from or acquires a lasting interest in an enterprise operating in an economy’. Jones J and Wren C (2006, 8). The foreign investor has a considerable influence in the management. In the wake of globalization the role of FDI’s cannot be underscored in propelling economic growth across the globe. It is estimated that the global inflows from private FDI’s rose from $159 billion in 1991 to a tune of $1.1 trillion in a decade’ s time. The success of any MNE’s will be affected by the approach that the firm uses entering a market. MNE’s must consequently be very keen before making the final decision of which entry method to apply. This paper will focus on elaborating what FDI is as well as highlighting why it is preferred to licensing, exporting or franchising. History has it that initially MNE’s were treated with much suspicion on the basis that probably they were only out to exploit the 3rd world nations but with time countries become most receptive probably due to the benefits accrued. Bora B (2002, 1). The success of any firm or MNE in FDI largely depends on various factors like the degree of competition in the host country. Competition is of much essence as it determines the rate at which the firms are to manipulate their productivity levels, introduce other new production possibilities and consequently create positive spill over effects or externalities on the host countries. Whether the overall effects of FDI are positive or negative remains a highly debatable issue that also depends on whose point of view is being considered. FDI’s have a significant effect on the balance of trade. It is mostly associated with the transfer or export of jobs and some countries may cite ‘brain drain’ as a problem created b y FDI. The host country on the other hand might argue that the MNE in question is not to its advantage when it imports labor. FDI’s could be blamed for killing domestic industries especially in cases where MNE’s are able to produce at a lower cost of production and hence produce cheaper and quality products at a lower price than is being offered by the domestic industries. Bora B (2002, 1). However, cases where FDI produces products that are not produced by the host country, then this is to the host country’s advantage. We will write a custom essay sample on What is foreign Direct Investment? Why firms favor FDI rather than exporting licensing or Franchising specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What is foreign Direct Investment? Why firms favor FDI rather than exporting licensing or Franchising specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What is foreign Direct Investment? Why firms favor FDI rather than exporting licensing or Franchising specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer FDI is a very important source of capital as well as the technological know-how or knowledge in various productions. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are vital in influencing or rather determining if a firm is to invest in another country through FDI. Countries with weak protection discourage MNE’s from investing. Bora B (2002, 197). IPR’s are a significant component of the regulatory system in any nation the same way taxes, regulations related to investment, trade policies as well as competition rules are. IPR’s are very essential especially for firms that deal with ‘knowledge based assets’. Countries with weal IPR’s would discourage foreign investors as there are high chances of imitation to counter the MNE’s goods. Strong IPRS could be in the form of patents, copyrights, trade brands or even trademarks. Imitation has a negative effect on the MNE’s as it reduces the market size. Strong IPR’s gives MNE’s a ‘monopoly’ advantage in the market which they can use to increase their profitability levels. Other factors that make foreign firms consider FDI includes the transportation costs incurred. If a foreign firm estimates that the transportation cost would be too high when it exports her products, the FDI could be the better choice. High trade costs also encourage firms or MNE’s to enter foreign countries through FDI. A country where there is a relatively high productivity relative to the labor costs would also be more attractive for firms considering FDI. Low fixed costs of establishing plants are also an incentive to FDI. The major objective for the establishment of any firm is to make profits. Profit which is the difference between the total revenues and total costs will be reduced if costs are high. Firms with consequently try to opt for the options that minimize costs to increase their profits. Low cost of establishments will therefore translate to increased profitability levels. Bora B (2002, 198). The role of IPRS in influencing FDI decisions is however dependent on the kind of business in question. For the firms specializing in hard-to-imitate products the role of IPR’s is lower than for those whose products can be easily imitated. Easy to imitate firms could be those dealing with pharmaceuticals and software. Access to foreign markets could also be influenced by investment regulations where inefficient ones will discourage FDI while efficient ones will attract FDI. Limited rights of establishment will also hinder the market accessibility for MNE’s considering FDI. Trade controls in a nation affect the flow of money in the economy. If there’s limited flow of money in circulation then the demand for productions will be negatively affected. Accessibility to credit has a positive effect on the demand thus triggering increased production. Strict controls on the production as well as on marketing can also influence FDI’s in a country. Countries that control the amount of output or the raw materials to use may affect MNE’s decision of whether to enter a market through FDI. Arbitrary taxes are a disincentive to FDI and so are licensing restrictions. Bora B (2002, 202) When foreign companies use the ‘export’ approach to attain market access in a certain country, it means that they will have to establish an importer in the foreign country as well as agents. It could also establish a sales subsidiary in having its goods or services in the market. Licensing on the other hand entails the selection of whether one is to contract a foreign firm to produce for it its products and also carry out the marketing or a firm could also opt for franchising. Wertz B and Wensley R (2002, 458). The need to increase or rather widen their profit levels, seek growth opportunities as well as diversifying risks is what triggers MNE’s to invest in foreign markets. Comparative advantage plays an important role in influencing if firms are to engage in business. Before firms can make concrete decisions about foreign investment they must carry out effective market research regarding the country in question. The quality of infrastructure in the host country also affects the decision of how to gain the market entry. Other important questions a firm should try to answer include whether there are available raw materials as well as energy which would affect the costs of production. Mc Donald et al (2002, 244). The major forms of FDI are joint ventures and wholly owned subsidiaries. Joint ventures entails the partnership of 2 or more independent firms form a partnership and share resources in the operation of FDI. They could be contractual or equity joint ventures. Using the licensing approach in gaining access to a market involves or rather is characterized by some advantages. It has reduced risks regarding the loss of proprietary knowledge. It allows the firms to have strategic flexibility as it is associated with minimal controls and above all it applies lower amounts of resources as compared to FDI McDonald et al (2002, 229). Environmental factors also have a role to play in influencing firm’s decision regarding which approach to use gaining access in the market. Such factors include the risks in that country, competitive conditions and familiarity with the location. In countries with high risks MNE’s may consider licensing to FDI and the reverse is true. Other factors that may favor licensing include high cultural difference between the host and the home or source country and a declining market demand. In cases where competition is subject to rapid technological as well as regulatory changes, firms may also consider licensing to other approaches of accessing or entering markets. Firms dealing with research and development (RD) intensive ventures will not opt for licensing. Those in areas where there’s homogenous competition conditions as well as demand would least opt for licensing. Licensing would also not be considered in the face of rapid technological change, in countries wi th deregulation as well as those with political and cultural barriers. Licensing would only be considered when the level of technological process if not complex, where there are harsh environmental conditions and hence it would not be profitable for the firms. It can also be applied in cases of unstable demand. International franchising refers to a situation where a parent company offers or rather grants other companies the right of use to its products, services, trade marks or brand names but in a prescribed manner. In return the mother or parent company gains profits which could be in a lump sum and continued or ongoing fees. Independent firms could be given the mandate to control the franchise or the franchisor could take an equity share where they could have its own managers head some of the outlets. The franchisor could offer knowledge about the business in question, offer marketing support and local exclusivity. They could also offer the firms manuals on how to operate, and continued training. The franchisee must however comply with the franchisor’s set standards and regulations so as not to tarnish its name through poor quality production. The ongoing fees are usually a certain percentage of the total sales made by the franchisee. There are 2 types of franchising. First generation franchising includes those between manufacturers and retailers as well as between wholesalers and retailers. Franchising could be by a trade name or trade mark which is also referred to as second generation franchising or business franchising. Franchising is applicable to both small as well as large firms and favored in cases where the cost of monitoring the managers as well as other employees is high overseas. The major difference between licensing and franchising is that the former receives a ‘proportion’ of the business while the latter attains all there is necessary for the successful running of the business. Licensing ensures limited control over the process of running a business unlike franchising. Selection is also different for licensing and franchising where licensing are self-selective as franchisee are selected the parent company or firm. Licensing is done on already well established firms contrast to franchising which could be on start-up firms (McDonald et al (2002, 233). Parent companies have zero equity in licensing unlike in franchising. Whether a firm is to use exporting as a way of entering a market largely depends on the prevailing trade environment, costs of transportation, risks related foreign exchange as well as threats of non-payment. (McDonald et al (2002, 234). The use of licensing as a market entry strategy is criticized on the grounds that the parent company or firms could be creating its own competitor. However it reduces the political based risks as it is 100% owned by the locals. It’s therefore a best solution or approach for new firms in the market. Licensing earns the firms a minimal income compared to FDI entry. The role of the local government in influencing the kind of entry a foreign company takes is very significant. Countries could treat different entries differently thus encouraging some while discouraging others. Firms may opt for FDI in stable and well established economies as then their costs of operation are likely to be relatively low compared to unstable economies. It is also easier to predict demand in such economies and they can easily make long term decisions unlike in cases of unstable economies. MNE’s with the objective of pursuing a global strategy would favor FDI where they have full control over the running of their firms. The prevailing conditions of a host infrastructure also affect the entry mode. This is because it has a significant influence on the costs incurred thus influencing the MNE’s profitability levels. Factors determining the mode of entry could be social, economical, political or industry specific factors. In their book, ‘International trade’ Luis and Oliva noted that there are two forms of FDI that is the vertical as well as the horizontal FDI. Horizontal FDI is when companies manufacture similar products or services in varying countries while vertical FDI is when firms carry out different stages of production process in various or different countries. Rivera-Batiz L and Oliva M. (2003, 165). FDI is favored over exportation when there are location advantages that significantly lower the trade costs to the target market. Some countries attract FDI through the application of tax breeds. MNE’s will therefore be influenced by such incentives before deciding the entry mode to adopt. Firms will prefer FDI to licensing where ‘arms’ length relationship are very complex or when the agency costs involved are too high. Firms will tend to shy away from licensing when there are unclear or complex contracts that are not specified. If the costs incurred for enforcing the licensing contracts are very high to an extent that is unprofitable for the MNE’s then, FDI is preferred Rivera-Batiz L and Oliva M. (2003, 178). When there are high chances of the host country accessing the technology and knowledge to produce similar products, then the use of licensing must be reconsidered. High competitiveness in the local market can see the competitors offer cheaper but low quality goods to raise the demand. Strong IPR’s can favor FDI to exportation. FDI is beneficial to the host country in the sense that it brings about superior technology that ensures cheaper production of quality goods and services. However the benefits will depend on whether the technology has some positive externalities to the host country or not. Since FDI create competition the positive effects of competition like lowered prices and quality production are ensured. FDI is also associated with positive effects on a country’s investment and exports as well as reducing the foreign exchange gap.

Goodnight Mr Tom Essays

Goodnight Mr Tom Essays Goodnight Mr Tom Essay Goodnight Mr Tom Essay In ‘’ Goodnight mister Tom ‘’ a fictional novel by Michelle Magorian, there are many events, circumstances and influential people that prompt change in the main character. These changes can be seen through the development of William Beech, the protagonist in the novel. Willie changes from a shy, timid, fearful boy to a confident sociable and mature young man. Willies growth is prompted by certain situations such as the World War II emerging in Great Britain, Willie living with mister Tom and how mister Tom influences him. At the start of ‘’ Goodnight mister Tom ‘’, we are introduced to Willie,. Willie is a very shy, cautious young boy who grew up with his abusive mother in London. He was scared of many things and was told by his mother over and over again that he was full of sin. Willie started out being thin and sickly looking; pale with limp sandy hair and dull grey eyes. Later on the novel, he became stronger and more healthy he had colour in his skin and warmth in his eyes. Willie behaved very well for mister Tom and behaved as though he was still under control of his harsh mother. : He soon became more relaxed around mister Tom in the household and behaved more like a young boy. ‘’ ‘ I must be good,’ he whispered urgently, ‘ I must be good, ‘ and he rubbed a sore spot on his arm. ’’ This quote uses the technique of repletion. Through such a technique we can relate to the characters up bringing, and how his firm mother would have drilled into him to be good. ‘’He rubbed a sore spot on his arm’’ is relating to his poor, insufficient appearance due to his mothers beatings. This was all to change when willie was sent to live with mister

A Guide to Halloween Customs in Germany

A Guide to Halloween Customs in Germany Halloween, as we celebrate it commonly today, is not originally German. Yet many Germans embrace it. Others, especially those of the older generation, believe that Halloween is just American hype. Though the commercialism of Halloween does indeed stem from North America, the tradition and celebration itself had its origins in Europe.   Halloween has gained much popularity over the past few decades. In fact, this celebration now brings in an astounding 200 million euros a year, according to the Stuttgarter Zeitung, and it is the third most commercialized tradition after Christmas and Easter. The evidence is all there. Walk in some of the larger German department stores and easily find Halloween themed decorations to match your gruesome tastes. Or go to a costumed Halloween party offered by many nightclubs. Have children? Then read through some popular German family magazine on how to throw a terrific, ghoulish party for your kids, complete with bat and ghost treats. Why Germans Celebrate Halloween So how did Germans get so excited about Halloween? Naturally, the influence of American commercialism and media is key. Furthermore, the presence of American soldiers in the post-war WWII era helped bring about a familiarity of this tradition. Also, because of the cancellation of Fasching in Germany during the Gulf War, the push for Halloween and its associated commercial potential was an attempt to make up for Fasching’s financial loss, according to Fachgruppe Karneval  im  Deutschen Verband der Spielwarenindustrie. How You Trick-or-Treat in Germany Trick-or-treating is the aspect of Halloween that is the least observed in Germany and Austria. Only in large,  metropolitan cities of Germany will you see groups of children actually go door-to-door. They say, either Sà ¼ÃƒÅ¸es oder Saures or Sà ¼ÃƒÅ¸es, sonst gibts Saure as they collect treats from their neighbors. This is partly because just eleven days later, children traditionally to go door-to-door on St. Martinstag with their lanterns. They sing a song and then they are rewarded with baked goods and sweets.   What Costumes Germans Wear on Halloween Halloween specialty stores are increasingly popular in Germany. One interesting difference between Germany and North America with regard to costumes  is that the Germans tend to indulge in more scary outfits than Americans do. Even kids. Perhaps this is due to the many other opportunities throughout the year that children and adults get to dress up for different celebrations, such as Fasching and St. Martinstag that is just around the corner. Other Spooky Traditions in Germany October is also the time for other spooky happenings in Germany.   Haunted Castle: One of the largest and most popular Halloween venues in Germany is the 1,000-year-old fortress ruins in Darmstadt. Since the 1970s, it has been known as Burg Frankenstein and is a popular destination for gore aficionados.  Pumpkin Festival: By mid-October, you’ll see some carved out pumpkins on people’s doorsteps in the streets of Germany and Austria, though not as much as in North America. But what you will see and hear about is the famous pumpkin festival in Retz, Austria, near Vienna. It’s an entire weekend of fun, family-friendly entertainment, complete with an elaborate Halloween parade that includes floats.Reformationstag: Germany and Austria have another tradition on Oct. 31 that is actually centuries-long: Reformationstag. This a special day for Protestants to commemorate Martin Luther’s launch of the Reformation when he nailed those ninety-five theses to the Catholic castle church in Wittenberg, Germany. In celebration of Reforma tionstag and so that its not completely overshadowed by Halloween, Luther-Bonbons (candies) were created.

LEGAL ASPECTS OF NURSING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

LEGAL ASPECTS OF NURSING - Essay Example Negligence on either side of the teams gives rise to severe consequences. These consequences are sometimes lethal and several patients have been reported dead on grounds of negligence. Other than filing law suits against the healthcare providers and healthcare facilities, patients and plaintiffs have in the past gone an extra step to sue jurisdictional governments for their failure to make available sufficient funds for up-to-date facilities (Martzo & Sherman 2010, 43). There are a number of federal regulations that health facilities need to observe in assuring client’s safety. The first regulation is the identification of laid down set of measurements of patients’ protection critical to the therapeutic error detection. Another parameter is classifying a set of performances concerning patient safety significant to medical inaccuracy prevention. The third guideline is identifying matters connected to implementation of mandatory reporting for diminution of errors (Martzo & Sherman 2010, 63). Establishing the utmost accommodating way to show information on the incidences of medical oversights to the civic is also a federal law. Healthcare facilities need to take levelheaded steps to ensure that medical workforce adhere to these guidelines by the established modus operandi that encourage patient safety. There are several principles of protecting patients’ safety that applied in Mr. Abraham’s case. First is the Principle of Autonomy. This is the agreement to respect a patient’s right to determine his own course of action. The agreement demands that medical practitioners respect independent decisions made by a patient. Patient Self Determination Act of 1990 passed by the United States Congress reserves a patient’s right to make decisions over what he wants to do with his life. The law, however, applies to a person in a stable state of mind and body (competent person). This principle does not apply to Mr. Abraham’s dema nd to leave the clinic since he was drunk at the time of his admission. His alcohol level was above the legal limit and this disqualified him from the principle of autonomy. The nurses reserved the right to decide on his behalf to stay within the facility for further treatment. The second principle applicable in the case study is the Principle of Beneficence. This states the nurses’ need to be compassionate, take positive action to help others and always desire to do well. This principle is considered the core principle of patient advocacy. In Abraham’s case, the nurses and medical personnel who attended to him had his best interest at heart. After attending to the patient, the nurses restrained Mr. Abraham onto his bed using Posey vest and soft wrist restraints so that he could not leave to cause more harm to himself in another fight. The nurses’ care was evident in their decision to move the patient to a room close to their station so that they could have a cl ose check on him. Further, they devised an hourly visit to ensure his best care. Nonmaleficence is the third principle that applies to the case of Mr. Abraham. This principle demands that medical practitioners may not inflict any harm on the patients as they take positive action to help (Martzo & Sherman 2010, 143). It is the central medical oath of medical ethics. In medical practitioner’s efforts to do utmost good to sustain the patient’

Development of organisational capability at SISCO Article

Development of organisational capability at SISCO - Article Example In a large transnational organization of the size of SISCO, certain key initiatives that were initiated by the leadership team to acquire, retain, groom and manage talent are discussed in detail in the remaining part of this paper. Human resources is one of the most valuable and unique assets of an organization. According to Leon C. Megginson, the term human resources refer to "the total workforce, as well as the values, attitudes and beliefs of the individuals involved (Noble, 1985)." Management as a process involves planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling activities that facilitate the achievement of an organization's objectives. All these activities are accomplished through efficient utilization of physical and financial resources by the company's human resources. Human Resources management is one of the most complex and challenging fields of modern management. A human resource manager has to build up an effective workforce, handle the expectations of the employees and ensure that they perform at their best. He/she also has to take into account the firm's responsibilities to the society that it operates in. Human resource management deals with the "people" dimension in management. In their book Human Resource Management, Byars and Rue, say "Human Resource Management encompasses those activities designed to provide for and coordinate the human resources of an organization (Rue, 2000)." According to Ivancevich and Glueck, "Personnel or Human resource management is the function performed in organizations that facilitates the most effective use of people or employees to achieve organizational and individual goals (Glueck, 1995)." Every organization is composed of people and utilizing their services, developing their skills, motivating them to enhance their levels of performance and ensuring that they remain committed to the organization are essential for the accomplishment of organizational objectives. This is true for all types of organizations - government, business, education, health, recreation and social action. Acquiring and retaining good human resources is an essential pre-condition for the success of every organization. Organizations that can do this will be both effective i.e. they will be able to achieve their goals as well as efficient i.e. they will use minimum resources necessary to achieve their goals. Inefficient or ineffective organizations face the danger of stagnating or going out of business. Competent managers and workers are essential for the coordination of efforts towards the ultimate objectives which ensure the survival of the organization. Though such coordination alone cannot guarantee success, the lack of it can lead to failure. In the changing times, it has become evident that it is the human resourc

Careers in Psychology; Opportunities in a Changing World Essay Example for Free

Careers in Psychology; Opportunities in a Changing World Essay It is usually very vital for one to consider the choice of their career path very carefully. One should consider his or her interests in the career, the job market as well as their education qualifications. It is equally important for one to carefully examine the merits and demerits that come with each career option. This is the sole reason why career talks have become part of the school curriculum in many countries in the world. This paper will analyze three case studies of individuals who are about to complete their Bachelor’s Degrees in Psychology, after which it will critically analyze the options the three cases have laid on the table by analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of each. Denise is considering a couple of options; Master of Arts/ Master of Science in Clinical Psychology Master of Arts/ Master of Science in Counseling Psychology Master of Education in Counseling Psychology Master of Social Work Master of Science in Pastoral Counseling Master of Science in Counseling. Important to note is where the interests of Denise lie. She has an interest in reading research materials or findings related to children, however this interest is not that much. Denise is also not very interested in doing research work. Considering the fact that Denise has a passion in desire to counsel youth and children is not enough when deciding to choose the next degree program the best option for Denise would be a Master’s Degree in Pastoral Counseling. The merits of this program are that it is in all ways related to the interests of Denise. It would give Denise the best opportunity to counsel youth and children. The degree does not require a lot of research work, rather it r equires more of reading research work. This would by all means be the best for Denise. However, a Master’s Degree in Pastoral Counseling would be tricky if matters of spiritual faith are put in consideration. It is not clear where her faith lies. It would be unbeatably the best if her spiritual faith lies along the pastoral line, or if she had pursued a degree in theology. CITATION Tar12 l 1033 (Kuther, 2012)A Master’s Degree in Clinical Psychology would be advantageous in the sense that it has a wide job market and it is in line with the passion of Denise. However, this degree would not be the best for Denise since it requires a lot of research, which Denise is not very good at. Another disadvantage of this is that it would not limit her exactly to youth and children the way she would like it, older people have psychological problems as well. A Master of Science in Counseling Psychology would also not be advisable for Denise. This degree, just like the one in Clinical Psychology would require a lot of research work. Denise does not like research work and it would be very difficult for her to excel in this program. However, it could be really advantageous in the sense that it requires reading research materials and this is one major stronghold for Denise. A Master Degree in Clinical Psychology would have the same limitations as a Master Degree in Counseling Psychology. However, she loves reading research materials on youth and children. This would favor her in the case that she chose this career path. This leaves the best option for Denise as a Master Degree in Pastoral Psychology. CITATION Rob07 l 1033 (Sternberg, 2007)It would be very difficult for Raul to change what he wanted to do all his life to something else. However, the policy when choosing career paths is always no mistakes. This is when the purpose of internship comes out very clearly. All his life, Raul has been interested in counseling psychology or clinical psychology. He should be very careful when making a choice for the nest career step. This is owing to the fact that for one to excel in a certain career path, he or she ought to have the desire and passion for it. Passion does not just grow within a day and Raul does not have much time to make a decision. However, the volunteer work that he did in the psychiatric clinic seems to have helped him a great deal. The interview that he had with counselors and psychologists seems to have opened his eyes to the real career world. It is very important for Raul to make a decision before it is late since he is about to graduate from school. The interests of Raul are very important is deciding his career path. The fact that he has a wife and children makes it very necessary for him to take a career path that would help him a great deal financially. The best option for Raul in his career path would be to pursue a Master’s Degree in Counseling Psychology. This is owing to the fact that he has interests in researc h which is very vital to the program. Moreover, counseling would give him a wider job market and would therefore sustain him financially. CITATION Don08 l 1033 (Super, 2008)Having been in the cooperate world is indeed a milestone for John in the career world. As much as he was laid off, he is way ahead of a number of individuals. His experience in the cooperate world must have equipped him with a number of skills that will help him a great deal I n future. This is considering the fact that he would love to integrate his career path of psychology with business. For instance, one of the options that John is laying on the table is Industrial Organizational Psychology. I could not agree more with John on this one. Industrial Psychology would indeed be a very good way for John to combine what he learnt in the cooperate world together with Psychology. However, John should always keep in mind that this is a competitive world. The field of Industrial Psychology is just one of the fields tha t experience a lot of competition when it comes to pursuing a graduate program in the field. However, the best advice for John would be to first of all take a professional course that is related to business or rather the cooperate world. Such courses include Business Management, Business Administration, Marketing or even Certified Public Accounting (CPA). In this way, he would be able to prove his skills in the cooperate world, not just by word of mouth or experience but by Certified Professional Courses. This, together with a Bachelor’s Degree in Psychology would raise his bar much higher. Having done any of these professional courses, John would not only be fit to pursue Industrial or Organizational Psychology but he would also be able to compete with other individuals. CITATION Tho05 l 1033 (Wadsworth, 2005) References l 1033 Helms, J. L. (2011). Majoring in Psychology. New York : New York University Press. Kuther, T. (2012). Careers in Psychology; Opprtumities in a Changing World. New York: New York University Press. Sternberg, R. J. (2007). Career Paths in Psychology. Oxford University Press. Super, D. (2008). Opportunities in Psychology Careers. Oxford University Press. Wadsworth, T. (2005). Your Career in Psychology; Industrial /Organizational Psychology. New York: New York University Press. Source document

Freedom Essay -- essays research papers

I believe rationality is incorrectly dictated by society. Generally when one is irrational he or she is contradicting the "normal" or what everyone is programmed to do. Kant says "Can you also will that your maxim should become a universal law."1 In part I agree to the theory of universal law where "rational" is judged by universality or what everyone should do. In fact we know that primitive societies were not built on rationality. I believe that we are intrinsically rational and irrational. In my opinion , taking the daouist view, having the ability to be rational and irrational, a hybrid of both, gives an individual the ability to be rational. Kant says "These, so far from hiding a good will or disguising it, rather bring it out by contrast and make it shine forth more brightly."2 I like what Kant thinks here but I think the good will should be substituted with irrationality. For example in order to maintain the title rational while conformi ng to society's dictated rationality, one must do the following. Allow our irrational thoughts and ideas to manifest themselves in private and then refine and hide them for public display. When an individual is accepted or titled as rational they are universally accepted (universal law). Irrationality must be well disguised at first to gain universal acceptance along with the sister word "credibility." Once credibility has been established, undress the irrational. This first step to ...

Assess the effectiveness of strategies used to manage the impacts of glacial processes

Guidance:Candidates:(i)should show knowledge and understanding of the problems arising from the impact of glacial processes and landforms on human activity or from the impact of human activities on glacial environments;(ii)should show knowledge and understanding of the strategies put in place to manage these impacts;(iii)should show an assessment of the effectiveness of the above strategies; better candidates should make an assessment of the effectiveness of the strategies discussed throughout, whereas the average candidate may only assess the strategies in passing or perhaps briefly in their conclusion.Candidates need to demonstrate their knowledge and understanding of the problems arising from the impacts of glacial processes and landforms on human activity or the impact of human activity on glacial environments. There may be a discussion not only of the nature, but also of the seriousness of the impacts.In order to assess the effectiveness of strategies adopted to deal with the im pacts, candidates will need to briefly describe the strategies. Strategies will vary depending on the glacial environment chosen. The assessment should involve an evaluation of both the positive and negative aspects of the strategies adopted in relation to the aims of the strategies implemented.Assess the effectiveness of strategies used to manage the impacts of glacial processes and landforms on Human activity.Problems arising from glacial processes and landformsStrategies used to deal with these (remember to assess +tive and -tive) Many strategies have been put in place to manage the impact of glacial processes. The types of glacial processes they would be managing range from erosional  processes Glacial processes- avalanche, ablation glacial (flooding) & fluvioglacial deposition (landslides) Landforms- pyramidal peaks, arà ªtes, troughs, hanging valleys, lakes, outwash plainIn glacial environments such as the French Alps human activity is very popular with up to 100 million to urists going for holidays each year to enjoy the winter sports available. However strategies must be put in place to control the glacial processes in order to make the area safe to minimize the negative impact on humans. The methods used include prevention and control measures by both soft and hard strategies, but are they successful?An avalanche is a type of glacial process and to deal with it strong, resistant buildings are constructed, as are avalanche barriers on the slopes and trees are planted near to pistes and woods made denser so as to break the flow as well as to hold the snow together reducing the risk of an avalanche starting. The choice of strategy is very much dependent to the nature of human activity, the density of the settlement and the impact the strategy could have on the surrounding nature.Another factor that must be considered is the frequency and intensity of the avalanche as well as the potential impacts like fatality ad damage to buildings and infrastructure. In Verbier Austria they have introduced a way to categorize areas which are at risk of avalanches by creating red and yellow zones. In the red construction of any kind is banned while in the yellow specific safety measures must be applied and a strict building code followed. This should result in buildings that will withstand avalanches, protecting the people inside, even though they will not do anything to stop an avalanche actually occurring.The town of Gà ¤ltur in Austria is predominantly a yellow zone however when the huge avalanche of 1999 struck it was during the day when people were returning the their homes so weren’t able to be protected by this strategy thus the death toll was 4000. Though a great deal of money is being invested in the various strategies, more pressure is being put on the planners, as the alpine towns are swelling thus putting themselves at further risk of avalanches as more and more trees are being cut down and the safe areas to build are almost full forcing more buildings in to the danger zones.Glaciers aren’t the only threat developing towns in the upland have to face. As the globe is going through climate change the rates of ablation in glacial areas is much higher. This is made worse by the increased popularity of the areas for tourists who access them through cars and planes, which contribute to the pollution. Furthermore activities like skiing and snowboarding damage the soil under the snow making it weaker, and young trees are damaged while older trees are removed for ski lifts or roads. These factors all accumulate in the potential danger of landslides, which can also be caused by the fluvioglacial deposition during the summer periods adding to the instability of the land.To deal with landslides, planners ensure that fragile areas are not being used to allow for the regrowth of vegetation. In resorts in the French alps the only means to get there is via train so no extra cars are present. Also codes of conduc ts are enforced to avoid young saplings from being damaged so that the soil in the future will be held together and strengthened by the presence of the roots. However, many of these strategies are there only to lessen the impact of an already present issue. They can not stop landslides from happening as they have little influence over the rate of ablation of the glacier.Rapid retreat of glaciers increases run-off, contributing to the growth of glacial lakes and the conversion of some supraglacial lakes to moraine-dammed lakes. These lakes tend to breach the weak and unstable loose moraine dam, with catastrophic impacts downstream. Strategies for predicting future glacier lake formation are important for an early planning of safety measures, The Ngozumpa Glacier project aims to study the response of glaciers to climate change and to gain data to predict hazards like lake outbursts and slope failures. Glaciers in the Himalayas are some of the most prominent glaciers to undergo shrinka ge due to global warming.In the past years there have been many glacier lake outburst floods with many more unstable lakes currently being monitored such as the Tsho Rolpa in Nepal. These unstable glaciers have engineering projects conducted on them to lower the levels and mitigate the hazards. But, these works are not only expensive but are logistically difficult due to the fragile high altitude environment. However they can be used to develop the potential of hydropower production.Another area with which Hydropower potential has been explored is using hanging valleys. These occur where the main valley has been eroded at a much higher rate than the tributary valleys. After glaciation the latter are left at a higher altitude ‘hanging’ above the main valley. Streams that flow from such tributary valleys fall steeply creating waterfalls. The kinetic energy of the water is turned into electricity. The owners of the power stations must ensure that enough water is in the str eam/river at all times to protect that habitat which can mean that no electricity is produced in the summer. I believe that many of the strategies in place to manage the impacts of glacial process and landforms on human activities are successful as we have better knowledge and technology to deal with them. Yet I do not think that they are utterly effective as they are all very expensive and the majority are to limit the impact rather then to stop it from happening in the first place.

Intelligence Led-Policing Essay

The police institution has undergone major changes aimed at rebuilding its public. These changes date back to aggressive cops to the modern day police whose are guided by the rule of law (Ratcliffe, 2003, p 3). Introduced in the late 20th century, community policing focused on restoration of police legitimacy through community participation. It aimed at re-connecting the police institution to the public (Ratcliffe, 2003, p 4). Various researches indicate that it failed to provide measurable results. Consequently other models including problem oriented policing, Compstat and most recently, intelligence based policing (ILP) have emerged. Problem oriented policing involves use of statistical trends in identification of areas of interest. Compstat on the other hand focuses on empowerment of middle level officers to rapidly respond to crime. Basically it involves crime mapping, viewing and discussion. The most recent, ILP is an initiative at making the police smarter. It is founded on the use of criminal intelligence by the police in fighting crime (Ratcliffe, 2003, p 6). Emerging as a rare and unique initiative that attempts at understanding criminal environments and thus predict its occurrence and trends, the initiative is increasingly gaining popularity. Unlike the other models, ILP does not favor the popular reactive and investigate approaches in fighting crime but rather focuses on early identification hence prevention (Ratcliffe, 2003, p 6). It ensures that police actions are based on intelligence rather than intuition. ILP emerges as an alternative in organizational restructuring towards crime eradication. It is a result of changing crime faces and the transnational crime emergence alongside globalization, electronic financial transactions and internet in addition to police demand gap and failures of the existing policing models (Ratcliffe, 2003, p 6). The major similarity of this model to the previous models is the cause. Each aims to reduce crime marginal through either prevention or reactionary techniques. However, the approaches the take differ enormously. While the earlier models focused on either reacting to crime or cause identification, this model focuses on understanding the crime and the criminal mind as the basis for criminal fight.

Commedia Dell Arte Essays

Commedia Dell Arte Essays Commedia Dell Arte Essay Commedia Dell Arte Essay This term during our drama lessons we have been exploring and learning about Commedia dell’Arte, a comical and slapstick style of theatre that first became popular in Italy during the 16th century. I had never heard of Commedia before we began studying it in class, so my first impressions were that it was extremely over the top and exaggerated! At the start of the topic I didn’t think that I would enjoy it very much as, because of the use of stock characters, I felt that there would be little room for creativity and making the performances original and inventive.However I was proved wrong and I learnt that although all the characters are the same, everyone interprets them differently so I enjoyed watching other groups portray the likes of Il Dottore and Columbina in ways that I would never have thought of. Commedia first came about in 16th century Italy and was performed on temporary stages in city streets and market places. The troupes of actors performed for all socia l classes, and as their plays mostly took place outside, were accessible to all.Using skilful and strangely understandable mime and grummelot, stereotypical stock characters, masks with exaggerated features, over the top physical movements and improvised dialogue, Commedia actors were accepted and enjoyed wherever they went. As the style grew in popularity, it spread to Europe and has influenced every other theatre style. Charlie Chaplin and the Marx Brothers are direct descendants of Commedia, using mime and slapstick. Commedia has gone on to influence sitcoms (you have the bosses, the workers, the stupid one etc) and even Shakespeare, especially A Midsummer Night’s Dream and the Merchant of Venice.The over the top style shows in modern pantomimes, with the loud and bubbly portrayal of characters. There are different stock characters that represent the different stereotypes in society. One of the most famous is Arlecchino, who is of the zanni (servant) status, usually servin g Pantalone, but also frequently Il Capitano, or Il Dottore. He was very agile and a skilled acrobat, however he has often been described as absent minded. Arlecchino was always hungry but had no money, and there is an story saying that his costume covered in mismatching diamond shapes was made from off cuts of old mardi gras outfits of his richer friends.He carries a wooden slapstick disguised as a bat or sword and wears a cat-like mask to suit is agile movements. The mask also often has a wart on his low forehead and he is ragged, yet sleek. Continuously in a lowered position (especially in the presence of characters higher up than himself), Arlecchino walks with his hands on his hips and thumbs in his belt. Despite his curved back from carrying heavy bags and chairs, he has acute energy throughout his body. He walks similarly to other zanni, but in a much more balletic and supple way.One of the main things that separates Arlecchino from your standard zanni is that he has the inte lligence and creativity to hatch cunning plans, although they rarely unfold how he would like. He is often described as being â€Å"quick in body but slow in mind†. His character is essential in creating interesting complications in the plot of the entire performance, as his failed schemes mess things up for others. Arlecchino is often used as a messenger, but likes to add his own thoughts and opinions to the messages.A bit of a ladies’ man, he is often the lover of Columbina Although she is also classed as a zanni, Columbina is better dressed than male servants since she is a lady’s maid. She apron with a dress underneath. Usually, her colourful skirts fell just below her knee and the neckline of her bodice low and frilled, reflecting her flirty character. She is dressed similarly to her mistress with the addition of the apron, unless she is with Arlecchino in which cases she wears the diamond pattern to match his.Columbina sometimes wears a mask that just cove rs her eyes, but she is also commonly seen wearing heavy eye makeup instead. She is considered to be very attractive, and carries a tambourine to shoo unwanted admirers away. Because of her corset, Columbina’s waist is tiny but her hips are very wide in comparison. She sit on one hip when she stands (one leg bent, the other straight) and leans forward to show off her cleavage. She flicks her legs when she walks, making the zanni walk grander. Due to her keen and active brain, she can hold her own in most troublesome situations.She is often seen as the only rational person out of all the Commedia stock characters. She eats well and has nice clothes as well as being able to read and write. The main difference between Columbina and Arlecchino is that he thinks on his feet, whereas she uses her brain and thinks things through. Like Il Capitano she can appear onstage alone, and sometimes even performs the prologue. As well as being a class of servants, Zanni is also the name of th e character that sits right at the bottom of the Commedia hierarchy.His costume is a simple, white, baggy garment originally made from flour sacks. Zanni is a bit of a slacker and always bent over and hunched. His vision is poor as is his hearing which results in him being extremely clumsy. The movements Zanni makes are always urgent and his voice is rough. As in all Commedia characters, the length of his nose indicates how stupid he is and his head bobbles like a chicken when he walks. My favourite lesson was the mime amp; grummelot one. Grummelot is a series of gibberish sounds that actors use instead of dialogue.When done properly it allows the audience to understand what is going on between the characters even though no words are being said due to the tone of voice and exaggerated gestures and facial expressions. My partner and I improvised a scene between Zanni and Il Dottore. The person playing Zanni had a hunched posture and low centre of gravity and Il Dottore was on a highe r level to show his social status. The plot consisted of a drunken Dottore ordering Zanni to move a plank using a slurring tone and swaying around to show his drunkenness.Zanni would keep hitting Il Dottore over the head with the plank due to his poor sight and urgent movements. In the end, Il Dottore got angry with Zanni because he had run out of drink, so he storms off, tripping over the plank that he made Zanni move. I could improve by being louder and more exaggerated on stage. I have learnt all about Commedia and it tells us that people at this time enjoyed humorous plays. Studying drama is important for empathising, confidence and self awareness.

Amino Acids Characteristics and Structures

Amino Acids Characteristics and Structures Amino acids are a type of organic acid that contains both a carboxyl group (COOH) and an amino group (NH2). The general formula for an amino acid is given below. Although the neutrally-charged structure is commonly written, it is inaccurate because the acidic COOH and basic NH2 groups react with one another to form an internal salt called a zwitterion. The zwitterion has no net charge; there is one negative (COO-) and one positive (NH3) charge. There are 20 amino acids derived from proteins. While there are several methods of categorizing them, one of the most common is to group them according to the nature of their side chains. Nonpolar Side Chains There are eight amino acids with nonpolar side chains. Glycine, alanine, and proline have small, nonpolar side chains and are all weakly hydrophobic. Phenylalanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, and methionine have larger side chains and are more strongly hydrophobic. Polar, Uncharged Side Chains There are also eight amino acids with polar, uncharged side chains. Serine and threonine have hydroxyl groups. Asparagine and glutamine have amide groups. Histidine and tryptophan have heterocyclic aromatic amine side chains. Cysteine has a sulfhydryl group. Tyrosine has a phenolic side chain. The sulfhydryl group of cysteine, phenolic hydroxyl group of tyrosine, and imidazole group of histidine all show some degree of pH-dependent ionization. Charged Side Chains There are four amino acids with charged side chains. Aspartic acid and glutamic acid have carboxyl groups on their side chains. Each acid is fully ionized at pH 7.4. Arginine and lysine have side chains with amino groups. Their side chains are fully protonated at pH 7.4.

Sadown Analysis Paper Draft 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sadown Analysis Paper Draft 1 - Essay Example Not because a black cat passes by it means that bad luck is coming to that person. Signs should only be a guide on how we would live and not the basis why we are living. This is the sad part because it is very common that signs are limiting the decision making of people and influencing how they are living. Examples are fortune tellers for example the palm readers who influences people by reading palms and the lines in a person’s hand to tell their loyal customers the future and their fortunes and misfortunes. This is the big misconception about signs (73). Schnackenberg wrote in her poem the simplest signs that people misunderstand. There are no unlucky things in this world. A person should be knowledgeable enough to either have a free will and know what should and should not be done or be deceived by worldly beliefs. When the author wrote of the signs it did not mean that each sign should be observed by all or would hold the same meaning for everyone. There are things in the environment that has been observed to be true throughout the years. The author gave an example on the second stanza of the poem. These things are uncontrollable and are nature’s own way of living. This does not make any difference in a person’s luck or life. Though the course of nature affects humans one way or another, it is not the reason for humanity’s triumph or destruction. These natures’ occurrence can help mankind in telling the weather, season and time. It is helpful in some aspects of man’s daily life but not to control man’s free will and decision making (73). Beliefs in superstitious signs are fast growing amidst the vast growth of the influence of Science and Technology in the youth. As an author, Schnackenberg knows about the growth of followers at the end of the last stanza. Quite peculiar is that there are so many things that Science can explain and justify yet mass of people from different walks of life are still believing in superstition. Not

What is development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

What is development - Essay Example This is possible by empowering people through proper education, quality healthcare and training. Satisfaction of basic needs of the people is realized when people can access quality and adequate food, water, housing, clothing, justice and peace. Efficient infrastructure in education, agriculture, commerce, health, defense and transport sectors exhibit improving development. Other indicators of development are higher per capita income, political stability, quality healthcare, availability of clean, safe and adequate water as well as food. Progressive countries and societies aspire to achieve higher development status. Peet et al (2009 p.1) claimed that development is a conscious act and process of improving the life of everyone. Therefore, development covers all aspects in life that makes lives better. For example, development involves having healthy and sufficient food; safety in dwelling place; affordable goods and services; availability of employment opportunities; efficient and adequate utilities (Medicare, education, energy and transport) and being accorded respect and dignity as human being. Various actors pursue development in different spatial setting. For example, governments pursue development nationally while individuals pursue development around their environment such as the homes, villages or urban dwelling. Development is more concerned with the conditions and environment under which goods and services are produced and distributed as compared to economic growth. Economic activities and wealth generation processes give rise to economic environment. Development is also biased to socia l consequences of production and distribution of goods and services. Economic growth alone is not necessarily development especially when few powerful individuals control the growth process. This is because economic growth can concentrate wealth on the hands of the few and leave